![]() The pathophysiological basis and consequences of fever. Walter EJ, Hanna-Jumma S, Carraretto M et al. Febrile-Range Hyperthermia Augments Neutrophil Accumulation and Enhances Lung Injury in Experimental Gram-Negative Bacterial Pneumonia. Causes of death among dengue patients causes of death among hospitalized adults with dengue fever in Tainan, 2015: Emphasis on cardiac events and bacterial infections. Fever and antipyretic therapy in the septic patient in the intensive care unit: an update. Occurrence and outcome of fever in critically ill adults. Laupland KB, Shahpori R, Kirkpatrick AW et al. A prospective study of fever in the intensive care unit. Assessment of knowledge and practices of parents regarding childhood fever management in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Peak body temperature predicts mortality in critically ill patients without cerebral damage. Kiekkas P, Velissaris D, Karanikolas M et al. Literature review: should antipyretic therapies routinely be administered to patient fever? J. Fever management: Evidence vs current practice. Inflamm-aging: An Evolutionary Perspective on Immunosenescence. FRANCESCHI CLAUDIO, BONAFÈ MASSIMILIANO, VALENSIN SILVANA et al. Activation of Resolution Pathways to Prevent and Fight Chronic Inflammation: Lessons From Asthma and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Population-level effects of suppressing fever. The “continuum” of a unified theory of diseases. Febrile Temperatures Attenuate IL-1β Release by Inhibiting Proteolytic Processing of the Proform and Influence Th1/Th2 Balance by Favoring Th2 Cytokines. Specialized pro-resolving mediators: endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation. Resolution of inflammation in murine autoimmune arthritis is disrupted by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and restored by prostaglandin E2-mediated lipoxin A4 production. Chronic inflammation: a failure of resolution? Int. The resolution of inflammation: Principles and challenges. Treating inflammation and infection in the 21st century: new hints from decoding resolution mediators and mechanisms. Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end. Is fever a predictive factor in the autism spectrum disorders? Med.Hypotheses 2013 80:391–8. The Effect of Antipyretic Therapy upon Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized, Prospective Study. Febrile Core Temperature Is Essential for Optimal Host Defense in Bacterial Peritonitis. Elevation in Body Temperature to Fever Range Enhances and Prolongs Subsequent Responsiveness of Macrophages to Endotoxin Challenge. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018:179–92. Fever Promotes T Lymphocyte Trafficking via a Thermal Sensory Pathway Involving Heat Shock Protein 90 and α4 Integrins. Fine-tuning immune surveillance by fever-range thermal stress. Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Neural Mechanisms of Inflammation-Induced Fever. Fever, immunity, and molecular adaptations. Inflammation in cardiac injury, repair and regeneration. This is a research gap that needs to be filled with quality studies in the current health scenario. There is no conclusive evidence on whether fever must be treated or not in the elderly and whether holistic medicine may have a solution to this dilemma. However, it requires scientific investigation before it can be used as a clinical tool. This theory may prove to be an invaluable clinical tool to arrive at definite clinical guidelines concerning the treatment of fever, especially in the elderly. The ‘levels of health theory’ explains that the healthiest benefit from fever while those with reduced immunity suffer from it. Holistic medicine, such as homeopathy, views the fever scenario differently and advocates interference only when the immune system is helpless. ![]() Having said that, the most successfully aging, centenarians, mount efficient febrile response during infections, indicating that aging itself may not be the reason for the reduced febrile response. In such a scenario, fever is mostly absent and there is a need to revise the fever criteria in the elderly. The aging immune system undergoes many changes in all its faculties, which alters its ability to mount an efficient acute inflammatory response. Aged population are a special category due to their lower basal body temperature, blunted fever response and existing co morbidities. This review examines the available evidence so far, to arrive at a comprehensive picture about this question. ![]() Whether to treat fever in the elderly, is a question that has not yet been answered.
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